The principle, dubbed as the equation of continuity , describes how the velocity of a substance changes as it moves through a conduit . Essentially, it asserts that for an incompressible liquid, the volume flow rate stays unchanged along a pathway . Mathematically, this translates expressed as A₁V₁

Thomson's Plum Pudding model, while groundbreaking for its time, faced several criticisms as scientists acquired a deeper understanding of atomic structure. One major restriction was its inability to explain the results of Rutherford's gold foil experiment. The model assumed that alpha particles wou